Status of two-week illness for primary and secondary students in middle and west provinces / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To explore the status of two-week illness in primary and secondary students and to provide the basis for rationally distributing heath resources in primary and secondary schools.
 Methods: Stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 6 744 primary and secondary students aged from 9.0-16.9 years, and the name or symptoms of two-week illness, frequencies, medical expenses and days of sick leave were surveyed by using the self-made questionnaires.
 Results: Respiratory system disease (73.6%) and digestive system diseases (13.2%) were the major two-week illness. When they were ill, 58.9% students went to hospital, 39.9% took medicine by themselves, and 1.2% received non-treatment. The two-week morbidity, sick frequencies, average medical expenses per time and days of sick leave were 12.6%, (1.34±0.81) times, 10.0 yuan, and (0.39±0.98) days, respectively. The two-week sick frequencies, average medical expenses per time and days of sick leave among primary or secondary students were (1.37±0.87) or (1.26±0.69) times, 12.0 or 9.0 yuan, and (0.44±1.14) or (0.30±0.55) days, respectively. There was a positive correlation between two week sick frequencies and medical fees per time, or days of sick leave (r=0.301, r=0.275 for primary students, respectively, P<0.01; r=0.334, r=0.290 for secondary students, respectively, P<0.01). The positive correlation between medical fees per time and days of sick leave was also found (r=0.312, r=0.343 for primary students and secondary students, respectively, P<0.01).
 Conclusion: Characteristics of two-week illness among primary and secondary students possess common symptoms, frequent, low medical expenses per time. The frequencies, medical expenses and days of sick leave in primary students were increased compared with that in secondary students.

Prevalence of myopia and influencing factors among primary and middle school students in 6 provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence of myopia in primary and middle school students in 6 provinces and the possible influencing factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Primary and middle school students were selected through multistage cluster sampling in 60 primary and middle schools in 6 provinces in China. The questionnaire survey and eyesight test were conducted among all the students selected according to the national student's physique and health survey protocol. Pearson chi-square test and binary multivariate logistic regression analysis were done to identify the influencing factors for myopia in students.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students surveyed was 55.7%, the gender specific difference was statistically significant (59.7% for girls, 51.9% for boys) (P<0.01). The prevalence of myopia increased with age obviously. The prevalence was 35.8% in age group 6-8 years, 58.9% in age group 10-12 years, 73.4% in age group 13-15 years and 81.2% in age group 16-18 years, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). Single factor and multivariate analysis showed that parents' myopia, distance between computer screen and eyes, distance less than 30 cm between eyes and book while reading, distance less than 10 cm between chest and the table edge while studying, distance less than 3 cm between fingers and pen tip, sleep time, average outdoor activity time during last week, school sport activities in the afternoon, the size of television set at home, time spent on watching TV and playing computer were the influencing factors for myopia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence of myopia is till high in primary and middle school students. Myopia is associated with both genetic factors and individual eye health related behaviors.</p>

Mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between body fat and blood pressure among ;overweight adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the mediating effect of blood lipids on the correlation between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults. Methods Overweight and obese subjects aged 20-55 years who had lived in Beijing for at least 1 year were recruited in this study, Body mass index(BMI)was used as a screening indicators. The percentage of body fat(PBF)was measured for the subjects by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA). Mediating effect analysis was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between PBF and systolic blood pressure(SBP)as well as diastolic blood pressure(DBP). Results After adjusting for age,PBF was positively correlated with SBP and DBP in both males(β=0.208 3,β=0.205 2, P<0.001)and females(β=0.188 4,β=0.209 6,P<0.001). In male subgroup,PBF was negatively correlated with HDL-C level,but positively correlated with LDL-C level(β=-0.142 2,P<0.01 andβ=0.180 5,P<0.001),while in female subgroup,PBF was positively correlated with both TC level and LDL-C level(β=0.172 1,P<0.001 and β=0.233 5,P<0.001). With PBF controlled,TC and TG levels were positively correlated with DBP in both males and females(β=0.095 6,0.090 5 for males,β=0.117 6,0.083 1 for females,P<0.05),and TG level was positively correlated with SBP in females(β=0.127 2,P<0.001). Further analysis indicated there was a significant mediating effect of LDL-C on correlation between PBF and DBP in females,with the mediating effect value of 0.019 4 (P<0.05). The ratio of mediating effect was 9.26%. Conclusion PBF was positively correlated with blood pressure,but blood lipids had no mediating effect on the correlation between PBF and blood pressure in males,while LDL-C level had mediating effect on PBF and blood pressure in females.

Mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between body fat and blood pressure among ;overweight adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the mediating effect of blood lipids on the correlation between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults. Methods Overweight and obese subjects aged 20-55 years who had lived in Beijing for at least 1 year were recruited in this study, Body mass index(BMI)was used as a screening indicators. The percentage of body fat(PBF)was measured for the subjects by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA). Mediating effect analysis was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between PBF and systolic blood pressure(SBP)as well as diastolic blood pressure(DBP). Results After adjusting for age,PBF was positively correlated with SBP and DBP in both males(β=0.208 3,β=0.205 2, P<0.001)and females(β=0.188 4,β=0.209 6,P<0.001). In male subgroup,PBF was negatively correlated with HDL-C level,but positively correlated with LDL-C level(β=-0.142 2,P<0.01 andβ=0.180 5,P<0.001),while in female subgroup,PBF was positively correlated with both TC level and LDL-C level(β=0.172 1,P<0.001 and β=0.233 5,P<0.001). With PBF controlled,TC and TG levels were positively correlated with DBP in both males and females(β=0.095 6,0.090 5 for males,β=0.117 6,0.083 1 for females,P<0.05),and TG level was positively correlated with SBP in females(β=0.127 2,P<0.001). Further analysis indicated there was a significant mediating effect of LDL-C on correlation between PBF and DBP in females,with the mediating effect value of 0.019 4 (P<0.05). The ratio of mediating effect was 9.26%. Conclusion PBF was positively correlated with blood pressure,but blood lipids had no mediating effect on the correlation between PBF and blood pressure in males,while LDL-C level had mediating effect on PBF and blood pressure in females.

Correlation between parameters on the shape of body and dissatisfaction against it from parents among children and adolescents / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the correlation between children and adolescents' body shape parameters and parent's dissatisfaction on it.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stratified cluster sampling method was used to select students and their parents, and height, weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), skinfold thichness of the students were measured. Body image from parents was studied through the 'Ma body figural shape'. Correlation between body shape parameters and dissatisfaction towards them from the parents was analyzed under both simple- and multiple-level methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall prevalence of dissatisfaction on body-shapes from parents was 69.0%, including 28.6% of the parents expecting children to be fat (PEBF) while, 40.4% of the parents expecting their children to be thin (PEBT). In males, parameters as height, weight, WC, HC, skin fold thickness, BMI in PEBT were 1.9 cm, 11.9 kg, 13.2 cm, 8.8 cm, 32.3 mm, 4.7 kg/m² respectively, all higher than the satisfaction from the parents (PBIS) (all P < 0.05), and these parameters were 2.3 cm, 7.1 kg, 7.2 cm, 5.8 cm, 14.1 mm, 2.3 kg/m² higher in PBIS than that of PEBF, respectively (all P < 0.05). In females, parameters as weight, WC, HC, skinfold thickness, BMI in PEBT appeared to be 8.6 kg, 9.1 cm, 6.6 cm, 21.9 mm, 3.5 kg/m² higher than that of PBIS (all P < 0.01), and were 5.5 kg, 5.9 cm, 5.4 cm, 10.4 mm, 1.8 kg/m² higher in PBIS than that of PEBF, respectively, plus the difference of height was 3.6 cm more (P < 0.01). Differences of body shape on parameters between PEBT and PBIS were larger in primary school students than in middle school students. However, the differences of body shape parameters between PBIS and PEBF appeared higher in middle school students than in primary school male students, but were higher in female students in primary than in middle school students.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of body dissatisfaction related to children and adolscents' body shape parameters from parents was high. Parents in the PEBT group seemed to have paid more attention to children's body shape parameters at low age. However, parents in PEBF group might have paid more attention to children's body shape parameters at high age in males or at low age in females.</p>

Analysis on awareness of obesity risk factors among children and adolescents / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To analyze the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among children and adoles-cents, and to provide the basis for preventing their obesity. Methods: The students selected by using stratified cluster sampling method, were measured for the body height, weight, and waist circumference, and were surveyed for the awareness rate of obesity risk factors by using the questionnaire. The distribu-tion characteristics of awareness on obesity risk factors were analyzed. Results: The awareness rate of obesity risk factors was 74 . 1%, and there was no significant difference on the awareness rate of obesity risk factors between the males [71. 2% (247/347)] and females [77. 2% (257/333)], the abdominal obesity students [73. 5% (202/275)] and non-abdominal obesity students [74. 6% (302/405)], the overall obesity students [74. 3% (185/249)] and non-overall obesity students [74. 0% (319/431)], re-spectively. However, the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among the primary school students was 81. 9% (272/332) that was higher than that of the middle school students [66. 7% (232/348)] (P<0. 05). Compared with the primary school students, the non-awareness risk of obesity risk factors would in-crease among the middle school students (OR=2. 23, P<0. 05). Conclusion:The overall awareness rate of obesity risk factors is not high among children and adolescents, especially among middle school students.

Mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the mediating effect of blood lipids on the correlation between body fat and blood pressure among overweight adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Overweight and obese subjects aged 20-55 years who had lived in Beijing for at least 1 year were recruited in this study, Body mass index (BMI) was used as a screening indicators. The percentage of body fat (PBF) was measured for the subjects by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mediating effect analysis was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of blood lipids on correlation between PBF and systolic blood pressure (SBP) as well as diastolic blood pressure (DBP).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After adjusting for age, PBF was positively correlated with SBP and DBP in both males (β = 0.208 3, β = 0.205 2, P < 0.001) and females (β = 0.188 4, β = 0.209 6, P < 0.001). In male subgroup, PBF was negatively correlated with HDL-C level, but positively correlated with LDL-C level (β = -0.142 2, P < 0.01 and β = 0.180 5, P < 0.001), while in female subgroup, PBF was positively correlated with both TC level and LDL-C level (β = 0.172 1, P < 0.001 and β = 0.233 5, P < 0.001). With PBF controlled, TC and TG levels were positively correlated with DBP in both males and females (β = 0.095 6, 0.090 5 for males, β = 0.117 6, 0.083 1 for females, P < 0.05), and TG level was positively correlated with SBP in females (β = 0.127 2, P < 0.001). Further analysis indicated there was a significant mediating effect of LDL-C on correlation between PBF and DBP in females, with the mediating effect value of 0.019 4 (P < 0.05). The ratio of mediating effect was 9.26%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PBF was positively correlated with blood pressure, but blood lipids had no mediating effect on the correlation between PBF and blood pressure in males, while LDL-C level had mediating effect on PBF and blood pressure in females.</p>

Analysis of differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls and understand the characteristics of their physical development in two ethnic groups.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia and Han girls aged 9-17 years in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010, and the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TST), scapular skinfold thickness (SST), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), and having menarche or not. The girls were divided into two groups according to having menarche or not, and the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls were analyzed for the two groups, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The proportions of Mongolia girls (9-17 years) who have experienced menarche was higher than that of Han girls (67.6%,1 049/1 553) vs (62.9%,1 837/2 922) (χ² = 9.17, P = 0.002). In girls without menarche (9-14 years), sitting height, AST, and BMI in Mongolia girls was 0.5 cm, 1.6 mm, and 0.4 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P < 0.05). In girls who have experienced menarche (11-17 years), height and SST in Han girls was 0.8 cm, and 1.0 mm, respectively, which were higher than those in Mongolia girls (all P values < 0.01); TST, AST and BMI in Mongolia girls were 0.9 mm, 2.9 mm, and 0.3 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P values < 0.05), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Body AST and BMI in Mongolia girls are higher than those in Han girls, while body height in Han girls is better than that in Mongolia girls after menarche. The differences of physical development between Mongolia girls and Han girls might be different before and after experiencing menarche.</p>

Analysis on influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The primary and middle school students who were selected from Changping district of Bejing city using the stratified cluster sampling method were measured body height, weight, and waist circumference. Body image cognitive attitude of students or their parents was surveyed using 'Ma figural shape'. The cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was surveyed by self-designed questionnaires. The students with normal weight were selected according to 'reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents (WGOC) in 2005' and 'reference norm for screening underweight in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years'. The association between body image dissatisfaction and cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was analyzed for each gender.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study validly surveyed and measured 680 students, and there were 36.6% (249/680) students with overweight or obesity, 4.0% (27/680) students with underweight, and 59.4% (404/680) students with normal weight. Prevalence of body image satisfaction, expecting to be thinner, and to be fatter in students with normal weight was 32.7% (132/404), 35.1% (142/404), and 32.2% (130/404), respectively. The prevalence of expecting to be thinner in females and middle students was higher than that in males and primary students (46.4% (102/220) vs 21.8% (40/184)), (39.8% (88/221) vs 29.5% (54/183)), respectively; χ² values were 26.65 and 4.67 respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of expecting to be fatter in males was higher than that in females ((42.9% (79/184) vs 23.2% (51/220)) (χ² = 17.91, P < 0.001). The concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between students and their parent was 60.4% (244/404), and the consistency coefficient was 0.41 (P < 0.001). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, the negative attitude on less drinking sugary beverages and having breakfast per day might increase the risks of children expecting to be thinner in males, the OR (95% CI) value were 5.20 (1.51-17.89), 3.43 (1.11-10.59), and 6.53(1.14-37.58), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in males, the OR (95% CI) value were 7.57 (3.47-16.52). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, and the positive attitude on less eating high calorie snacks might increase the risk of children expecting to be thinner in females, the OR (95% CI) value were 65.74 (8.45-511.21) and 3.03 (1.01-9.09), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be thinner or fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in females, the OR (95% CI) value were 17.38 (1.53-197.74) and 9.64 (3.98-23.35), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students with normal weight was high, and the concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between themselves and their parents was low. Guiding students to have the correct cognitive attitude on less drinking sugary beverages, having breakfast per day, and less eating high calorie snacks may be conducive to prevent body image dissatisfaction.</p>

Differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia boys and Han boys in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the difference in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia boys and Han boys in China and understand the characteristics of children's physical development in two ethnic groups.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia boys and Han boys in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) conducted in 2010, the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, body weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TST), scapular skinfold thickness (SST), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), living area (urban area or rural area), and having spermatorrhea or not. The boys in two ethnic groups were divided into two groups according to the data about spermatorrhea, the living area specific difference in the anthropometric measurements between the boys in two ethnic groups were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The proportions of Han boys having spermatorrhea at 11, 12, 14 years old (0, 3.2% , 62.5%) were higher than those of Mongolia boys (8.1%, 15.3%, 76.0%, all P < 0.05). In the boys who had had no spermatorrhea (11-14 years old), the body height of Han boys was 1.4 cm higher than that of Mongolia boys (P < 0.01), however, there were no significant differences in sitting height, chest circumference, body weight, TST, SST,AST and BMI between Han boys and Mongolia boys (all P > 0.05). In the boys who had had spermatorrhea (12-17 years old), the body height, sitting height, chest circumference, body weight, SST, BMI of Han boys were 1.8 cm,0.6 cm, 3.1 cm, 3.1 kg, 1.7 mm and 0.7 kg/m(2) higher than those of Mongolia boys, respectively (all P < 0.05), however, the differences in TST and AST between Han boys and Mongolia boys were not statistical significant (all P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The body height of Han boys might be higher than that of Mongolia boys, and in those who had had spermatorrhea, the sitting height, chest circumference, body weight, SST and BMI of Han boys might be higher than those of Mongolia boys, the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia boys and Han boys who had had spermatorrhea or not might be different.</p>